Posts tagged with "reparations"

Tulsa’s Vision for Reparations: A Step Towards Restorative Justice

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The legacy of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre has long cast a shadow over American history. Now, more than a century later, Tulsa is taking significant steps toward acknowledging this past and addressing its ongoing impact.

On June 1, 2025, Mayor Monroe Nichols presented a “Road to Repair” plan in Tulsa to address the systemic impacts of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. The plan includes the creation of the Greenwood Trust, a private charitable trust aimed at economic growth and development in North Tulsa and the historic Greenwood District.

The Greenwood Trust seeks to secure $105 million in assets by June 1, 2026, to fund initiatives like a Housing Fund, Cultural Preservation Fund, and Legacy Fund. These funds will support housing benefits, building improvements, land development, scholarships, and economic development in the affected areas.

Mayor Nichols also announced the creation of the Tulsa Race Massacre Observance Day, the release of historical records related to the massacre, and reaffirmed the city’s commitment to the 1921 Graves Investigation and the Community Engagement Genealogy Project. The plan aims to heal generational wounds and unify the community while confronting the city’s history and setting a national model for addressing past injustices.

Need to Know:

  • Tulsa Race Massacre: This event, in 1921, saw the destruction of the Greenwood District, a thriving Black community known as “Black Wall Street.” It resulted in significant loss of life and property.
  • Mayor Nichols’ Plan: Tulsa’s first Black mayor, Monroe Nichols IV, proposes creating a $100 million private trust to provide scholarships and housing to descendants of those impacted by the massacre.
  • Focus on Investment: The plan emphasizes investing in North Tulsa’s revitalization, aiming to restore the area’s economic vitality. It does not include direct cash payments.
  • National Context: This initiative occurs alongside national conversations about reparations, including proposed legislation for broader reparations for Black Americans.

Takeaways:

  • Restorative Justice: Tulsa’s plan represents a move towards restorative justice, focusing on community rebuilding and providing opportunities to affected groups.
  • Economic Impact: The plan acknowledges the long-term economic consequences of the massacre, which extended beyond the immediate destruction.
  • Historical Acknowledgment: By addressing this history, Tulsa aims to confront a painful past and take steps toward healing.

Implications for American Culture:

  • National Conversation: Tulsa’s initiative fuels the national conversation about reparations and the ongoing effects of historical injustices.
  • Local Action: This example shows that local governments can take action to address historical wrongs, even when national discussions remain complex.
  • Racial Equity: It highlights the need to address systemic inequities that have their roots in historical events.

The History of American Slavery and the Argument for Reparations:

The Tulsa Race Massacre is inextricably linked to the broader history of American slavery and its aftermath. After the abolition of slavery, discriminatory policies such as Jim Crow laws and redlining continued to oppress Black communities, perpetuating economic disparities and social injustices.

The argument for reparations stems from the belief that the economic advantages enjoyed by whites were directly built upon the exploitation and oppression of Blacks. Proponents argue that financial redress and targeted investment in affected communities are essential to addressing the lasting impacts of these historical injustices. Whether in the form of trusts, scholarships, housing initiatives, or broader federal programs, reparations represent an effort to acknowledge historical wrongs, repair harm, and work toward a more just and equitable future.

Tulsa’s plan, while specific to the 1921 massacre, is part of this larger movement to address the ongoing consequences of historical injustices and advocate for restorative justice.

Hughes’ Unfulfilled Dream: The Enduring Fight for Equality in America

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The poem “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes speaks to the enduring gap between the idealized vision of America and the reality experienced by marginalized groups. In Hughes’ era, this disparity was starkly evident in the legalized segregation and discrimination faced by African Americans, the displacement of Native Americans, and the exploitation of immigrant labor. Today, while legal barriers have been dismantled, systemic inequities persist in areas like wealth distribution, educational opportunities, and criminal justice. The poem’s resonance today lies in its articulation of the unfulfilled promises of the American dream for many, and its call for a more inclusive and equitable society. It serves as a reminder that the struggle for a truly just America is ongoing and requires a continuous effort to bridge the gap between ideals and reality.

When Hughes writes “America never was America to me,” he is expressing the sentiment that the idealized vision of America, with its promises of freedom, equality, and opportunity, has never been a reality for him and the marginalized groups he represents. It highlights the gap between the American dream and the lived experiences of those who have been systematically excluded from its benefits. The groups Hughes mentions as being excluded from the American dream are poor white people, African Americans (Negroes), Native Americans (red men), immigrants, farmers, workers, and the young.

“The land that never has been yet” refers to the idealized America, the one with true equality, freedom, and opportunity for all. It’s a vision of America that exists as a dream or an aspiration but hasn’t been fully realized in reality. In his poem, Langston Hughes calls for the reclamation of the true spirit of America, where the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity are realized for all its inhabitants. He envisions an America that lives up to its promises and provides a land of liberty and opportunity for everyone, regardless of race, class, or background.

The poem reflects American culture today by highlighting the ongoing struggle for equality and the continued exclusion of marginalized groups from the American dream. It speaks to the systemic inequities that persist in areas like wealth distribution, education, and criminal justice, and serves as a reminder that the idealized vision of America has not yet been fully realized for all its citizens.

There is no single solution to achieving the dream of equality and justice for all Americans, but a multifaceted approach is required, encompassing:

  • Legal and Policy Changes: Addressing systemic inequalities through legislation and policy reform, such as voting rights protections, criminal justice reform, anti-discrimination laws, and reparations for slavery. 
  • Education and Awareness: Promoting understanding and empathy through education about historical and contemporary injustices, as well as the experiences of marginalized groups.
  • Economic Empowerment: Creating opportunities for economic advancement for all, including access to quality education, job training, and affordable housing.
  • Community Engagement: Encouraging dialogue and collaboration among diverse groups to build bridges and foster understanding.
  • Individual Action: Recognizing the role of individual actions and choices in perpetuating or dismantling systems of oppression.

By working together on these fronts, progress can be made towards a more just and equitable society for all Americans.

Let America Be America Again

Langston Hughes

Let America be America again.

Let it be the dream it used to be.

Let it be the pioneer on the plain

Seeking a home where he himself is free.

(America never was America to me.)

Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed—

Let it be that great strong land of love

Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme

That any man be crushed by one above.

(It never was America to me.)

O, let my land be a land where Liberty

Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath,

But opportunity is real, and life is free,

Equality is in the air we breathe.

(There’s never been equality for me,

Nor freedom in this “homeland of the free.”)

Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark?

And who are you that draws your veil across the stars?

I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart,

I am the Negro bearing slavery’s scars.

I am the red man driven from the land,

I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek—

And finding only the same old stupid plan

Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak.

I am the young man, full of strength and hope,

Tangled in that ancient endless chain

Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land!

Of grab the gold! Of grab the ways of satisfying need!

Of work the men! Of take the pay!

Of owning everything for one’s own greed!

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil.

I am the worker sold to the machine.

I am the Negro, servant to you all.

I am the people, humble, hungry, mean—

Hungry yet today despite the dream.

Beaten yet today—O, Pioneers!

I am the man who never got ahead,

The poorest worker bartered through the years.

Yet I’m the one who dreamt our basic dream

In the Old World while still a serf of kings,

Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true,

That even yet its mighty daring sings

In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned

That’s made America the land it has become.

O, I’m the man who sailed those early seas

In search of what I meant to be my home—

For I’m the one who left dark Ireland’s shore,

And Poland’s plain, and England’s grassy lea,

And torn from Black Africa’s strand I came

To build a “homeland of the free.”

The free?

Who said the free? Not me?

Surely not me? The millions on relief today?

The millions shot down when we strike?

The millions who have nothing for our pay?

For all the dreams we’ve dreamed

And all the songs we’ve sung

And all the hopes we’ve held

And all the flags we’ve hung,

The millions who have nothing for our pay—

Except the dream that’s almost dead today.

O, let America be America again—

The land that never has been yet—

And yet must be—the land where every man is free.

The land that’s mine—the poor man’s, Indian’s, Negro’s, ME—

Who made America,

Whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain,

Whose hand at the foundry, whose plow in the rain,

Must bring back our mighty dream again.

Sure, call me any ugly name you choose—

The steel of freedom does not stain.

From those who live like leeches on the people’s lives,

We must take back our land again,

America!

O, yes,

I say it plain,

America never was America to me,

And yet I swear this oath—

America will be!

Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death,

The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies,

We, the people, must redeem

The land, the mines, the plants, the rivers.

The mountains and the endless plain—

All, all the stretch of these great green states—

And make America again!

The White House: A Legacy and Global Power Hub Built by Enslaved Black People

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Today marks a significant anniversary in American history. On this day in 1792, construction began on the White House, the iconic symbol of the United States presidency. However, the story of its construction is a complex one, intertwined with the harsh reality of slavery in America.

Enslaved Black Americans played a pivotal role in building the White House. They quarried and cut the stone, performed carpentry, and contributed to nearly every aspect of the construction process. Their labor was essential, yet their contributions have been overlooked or minimized.

In 2016, First Lady Michelle Obama brought this history to the forefront during her speech at the Democratic National Convention. She spoke movingly about the generations of enslaved people who helped build the White House, and the powerful symbolism of her own family living there.

The White House stands as a reminder of both the nation’s achievements and its painful past. It is a testament to the resilience and contributions of Black Americans, whose labor helped shape the nation, even in the face of oppression. As we reflect on this history, it is crucial to acknowledge the full story of the White House and the enduring legacy of those who built it.

It is important to acknowledge the full story of the White House and the legacy of those who built it because:

    • Historical Accuracy: It corrects a historical narrative that often overlooked the contributions of enslaved people.
    • Recognition of Black Contributions: It honors the labor and skills of Black Americans who played a crucial role in building the nation.
    • Understanding the Legacy of Slavery: It provides a deeper understanding of how slavery shaped American history and its enduring impact.
    • Promoting Reconciliation: It fosters a more inclusive and honest dialogue about the nation’s past, which is essential for healing and progress.
    • Reparations: The issue of reparations for Black Americans is not a complex one, considering the long history of American slavery and the contributions of enslaved Black people.

    The White House represents a dual legacy:

    • Symbol of Achievement: It is the iconic home of the U.S. presidency, representing the nation’s power and democracy.
    • Reminder of Slavery’s History: Its construction by enslaved people embodies the painful history of slavery and its role in building the nation.

    This duality highlights the complexity of American history, showcasing both its triumphs and its deep-rooted injustices. 

    Some of the most common reasons cited by proponents of reparations include:

    • To compensate Black Americans for the unpaid labor of their ancestors. During the era of slavery, Black people were forced to work without compensation, enriching white slave owners and their descendants. This unpaid labor built the wealth of the United States, and reparations are seen as a way to redress this historical injustice.
    • To address the ongoing legacy of slavery and racism. The effects of slavery continue to be felt today, with Black Americans facing systemic disadvantages in areas such as education, housing, employment, and healthcare. Reparations are seen as a way to address these inequalities and create a more just society.
    • To promote racial healing and reconciliation. The history of slavery is a painful one for Black and some white Americans. Reparations are seen as a way to acknowledge this history and begin the process of healing and reconciliation.

    It is important to note that there is no consensus on the specific form that reparations should take. Some people believe that reparations should be financial, while others believe that they should take the form of policy changes or social programs. There is also debate about who should be eligible for reparations, and how much they should receive. The issue of reparations is an important one to discuss. The history of slavery is a dark stain on American history, and its effects continue to be felt today. Reparations are one way to begin to address this history and create a more just and equitable society.

    According to a 2020 poll by the Pew Research Center, 60% of Black Americans believe that the U.S. government should pay reparations to Black Americans for slavery and its legacy. However, only 20% of white Americans agree. The issue of reparations is likely to continue to be debated for many years to come. However, it is an important conversation to have, as it forces us to confront the dark side of American history and to think about how we can create a more just and equitable future, especially as we commemorate the building of powerful institutions like the White House built by enslaved Black people in America.

    California Rejects Reparations, Apologizes for Historical Role in Slavery Instead

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    California Governor Gavin Newsom has signed a formal apology for the state’s historical involvement in slavery. This apology acknowledges the deep-rooted injustices and systemic racism that have persisted since the state’s early history, all while denying the historic injustice and brutality inflicted upon formerly enslaved people.

    The apology may seem like a significant step towards recognizing the historical trauma experienced by enslaved people and their descendants, but it is not. It only serves as a reminder of the arduous and ongoing fight for racial justice and equality in America, and the nation’s staunch resistance to delivering justice the descendants of enslaved Black people deserve. 

    Here are some specific examples of the injustices and systemic racism experienced by enslaved people and their descendants in California:

    Enslavement and its immediate aftermath:

    • Forced labor and separation of families: Enslaved people were forced to work long hours in dangerous conditions, often separated from their families. They were not paid for their labor and had no control over their lives.
    • Physical and psychological abuse: Enslaved people were often subjected to physical and psychological abuse, including whippings, beatings, and sexual assault.
    • Denial of basic rights: Enslaved people were denied basic rights, such as the right to education, healthcare, and property ownership.

    Post-emancipation discrimination:

    • Jim Crow laws: After the Civil War, California passed a series of Jim Crow laws that discriminated against Black people in housing, education, employment, and public accommodations. These laws remained in effect until the 1960s.
    • Redlining: Redlining was a discriminatory practice in which banks refused to lend money to Black people in certain neighborhoods. This made it difficult for Black people to buy homes and build wealth.
    • Mass incarceration: Black people are disproportionately incarcerated in California. This is due to a number of factors, including racial profiling, harsher sentencing laws, and the war on drugs.
    • Disparities in education and healthcare: Black students are more likely to be suspended or expelled from school than white students. They are also less likely to graduate from high school or college. Black people have a higher rate of infant mortality and are more likely to die from preventable diseases than white people.

    These are just a few examples of the many injustices and systemic racism experienced by enslaved people and their descendants in California. The legacy of slavery continues to have a profound impact on Black communities today.

    Here are some additional resources that you may find helpful:

    The Civil Liberties Act of 1988: Righting a Wrong, Except the Historical Injustice of Slavery

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    In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, a landmark piece of legislation that sought to address one of the darkest chapters in American history: the forced internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. This act provided a formal apology and tax-free restitution to those who were unjustly incarcerated, and to their surviving spouses or descendants.

    The internment of Japanese Americans was a grave violation of civil liberties, fueled by fear and prejudice. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was a significant step towards acknowledging this injustice and providing some measure of reparation to those who suffered. It serves as a reminder of the importance of upholding civil rights and the dangers of unchecked discrimination.

    The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 holds significant importance in the broader context of civil rights history as it represents a formal acknowledgment and apology for a grave injustice perpetrated by the U.S. government against a specific ethnic group. By providing reparations, it set a precedent for addressing historical wrongs and recognizing the importance of upholding civil liberties for all, regardless of race or ethnicity. This act serves as a reminder of the dangers of prejudice and discrimination, and the ongoing struggle to ensure equality and justice for all.

    In contrast to the justice given to the Japanese American victims of internment, the Supreme Court of Oklahoma has once again denied a petition brought by the last two living survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre. This decision perpetuates a significant miscarriage of justice, as the City of Tulsa was involved in the white supremacist violence that destroyed the Greenwood community and killed hundreds of its residents. Despite the ongoing discovery of victims’ remains in mass graves, the City of Tulsa maintains that the survivors do not deserve restitution.

    Reparations for Slavery: Addressing a Historical Injustice

    The issue of reparations for slavery has been a topic of ongoing debate in the United States. It centers on the idea of providing compensation to the descendants of enslaved Africans for the immense harm and injustices inflicted upon them and their ancestors.

    Proponents argue that reparations are necessary to acknowledge the legacy of slavery and its enduring impact on African Americans, including economic disparities, systemic racism, and intergenerational trauma. They propose various forms of reparations, such as direct payments, educational opportunities, healthcare access, and community development initiatives.

    Opponents, however, raise concerns about the practicality and fairness of reparations, questioning who should receive them, how they should be funded, and whether they would truly address the root causes of racial inequality.

    Comparing and Contrasting Reparations for Japanese Internment and Slavery

    Similarities:

    • Both represent attempts to address historical injustices perpetrated by the U.S. government against specific groups.
    • Both involve acknowledging the harm inflicted and providing some form of compensation or restitution.
    • Both face challenges in terms of determining eligibility, forms of reparation, and addressing the long-term effects of the injustice.

    Differences:

    • Nature of Injustice: Japanese internment was a temporary, albeit traumatic, violation of civil liberties during wartime, while slavery was a centuries-long system of brutal oppression and dehumanization.
    • Scale of Impact: Slavery affected millions of Africans and their descendants over generations, while Japanese internment affected a smaller, though still significant, number of people.
    • Form of Reparations: Japanese internment reparations primarily involved monetary compensation and a formal apology, while reparations for slavery encompass a broader range of proposals, including direct payments, educational opportunities, healthcare access, and community development.
    • Current Status: Reparations for Japanese internment were implemented through the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, while reparations for slavery remain a topic of ongoing debate and have not yet been realized at a national level.

    Conclusion:

    While both Japanese internment and slavery represent grave injustices in American history, the scale, nature, and lasting impact of each differ significantly. This has led to different approaches and outcomes in the pursuit of reparations. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 serves as a precedent for acknowledging and addressing historical wrongs, but the debate over reparations for slavery highlights the complexities and challenges of redressing the deep-seated legacy of this institution.

    While the debate continues, the call for reparations for slavery highlights the deep-seated wounds of the past and the ongoing struggle for racial justice in America. It serves as a reminder of the need for honest dialogue and meaningful action to address the historical and contemporary effects of slavery.

    Broken Pledges: Being Black in America

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    The phrase “40 acres and a mule” holds profound historical significance, symbolizing the unfulfilled promise of land and reparations to African Americans after the Civil War. It supposedly originated from a speech delivered by Union General William T. Sherman on January 16, 1865, in Savannah, Georgia. In a bold move, Sherman promised that freed slaves would receive 40 acres of land and a mule from the confiscated lands of Confederate landowners.

    “We have been taught in school that the source of the policy of “40 acres and a mule” was Union General William T. Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15, issued on Jan. 16, 1865. (That account is half-right: Sherman prescribed the 40 acres in that Order, but not the mule. The mule would come later.) But what many accounts leave out is that this idea for massive land redistribution actually was the result of a discussion that Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton held four days before Sherman issued the Order, with 20 leaders of the black community in Savannah, Ga., where Sherman was headquartered following his famous March to the Sea. The meeting was unprecedented in American history.” – Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

    This promise, however, was never fully realized. President Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Abraham Lincoln after his assassination, reversed Sherman’s order, returning most of the confiscated land to its former owners. While some African Americans did manage to acquire land under the Homestead Act of 1862, they encountered numerous obstacles, including rampant discrimination, violence, and economic hardship.

    The failure to provide land and reparations to African Americans had far-reaching consequences. It perpetuated poverty, segregation, and inequality, leaving a lasting impact on generations of African Americans that is still felt and experienced today. This unfulfilled promise continues to serve as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for racial justice in the United States. 

    Beyond its historical significance, the phrase “40 acres and a mule” has taken on a broader meaning, representing the collective demand for reparations and acknowledgment of the injustices faced by African Americans throughout history. It encapsulates the desire for not only material restitution but also for the recognition and repair of the deep wounds inflicted by slavery and its aftermath.

    Today, the phrase remains a powerful symbol of resistance and resilience, inspiring activists, artists, and scholars to continue advocating for racial justice and equality. It serves as a reminder that the fight for reparations and a just society is far from over.

    NJPAC: The Promise of Juneteenth

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    About the New Jersey Reparations Council

    New Jersey has been called the “slave state of the North” for its deeply embedded history of slavery, and as such, the New Jersey Reparations Council was established as a state-level body responsible for studying and developing recommendations for reparations to address the harms caused by slavery and its legacy in New Jersey. The council was established by the New Jersey Legislature in 2021 under the New Jersey Reparations Act.

    “The first-of-its-kind New Jersey Reparations Council was convened by the New Jersey Institute for Social Justice on Juneteenth 2023 to finally confront and repair the deep and often overlooked history of slavery in New Jersey and its lasting impact on the contemporary life of Black people in the state.”

    Mission

    The mission of the New Jersey Reparations Council is to develop a comprehensive plan for reparations to address the harms caused by slavery and its legacy in New Jersey. The council will consider the historical, social, and economic impacts of slavery on African Americans in New Jersey and will make recommendations for reparations that are fair and equitable.

    Membership

    The New Jersey Reparations Council is composed of 15 members, all of whom are appointed by the Governor of New Jersey. The members of the council include:

    • Nine African Americans who are descendants of enslaved people in New Jersey
    • Three representatives from organizations that advocate for reparations
    • Three experts in the fields of history, sociology, or economics

    Work of the Council

    The New Jersey Reparations Council is currently in the process of gathering evidence and hearing testimony from stakeholders. The council is also conducting research on the historical, social, and economic impacts of slavery and its legacy in New Jersey. The council is expected to issue a final report with recommendations for reparations by the end of 2024. The council recently announced its “Promise of Juneteenth: New Jersey Repartitions Council Year One” panel discussion on June 19, 2024 at 7:00PM. 

    The New Jersey Reparations Council is a significant step toward addressing the harms caused by slavery and its legacy in New Jersey. The council’s work could have a major impact on the lives of African Americans in New Jersey and could help to create a more just and equitable society

    The Stolen Wealth of Slavery: A Case for Reparations

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    The United States has a long and complicated history with slavery and its aftermath. The issue of reparations for Black Americans has been debated for decades, and there is no easy answer.

    What is reparations?

    Reparations are a form of compensation paid to individuals or groups who have been harmed by past injustices. In the case of Black Americans, reparations could take many forms, such as financial payments, land grants, or educational opportunities.

    The case for reparations

    Advocates of reparations argue that Black Americans have been systemically discriminated against for centuries, and that reparations are a way to address the harm caused by this discrimination. They point to the fact that Black Americans still face racial disparities in areas such as wealth, income, education, and criminal justice.

    The case against reparations

    Opponents of reparations argue that it is unfair to make current generations pay for the sins of their ancestors. They also argue that reparations would be impractical and difficult to implement.

    The debate over reparations

    The debate over reparations is likely to continue for many years to come. There are strong arguments on both sides of the issue, and there is no easy answer.

    Recent developments

    In recent years, there has been a growing movement to support reparations for Black Americans. In 2020, the House of Representatives passed a bill that would create a commission to study the issue of reparations. The bill is currently pending in the Senate.

    The Stolen Wealth of Slavery: A Case for Reparations by David Montero and Michael Eric Dyson, Ph.D.

    Donate to support FAN’s vision of an informed and compassionate community: https://www.familyactionnetwork.net/support/

    David Montero:
    https://www.familyactionnetwork.net/speaker/david-montero/

    Michael Eric Dyson, Ph.D.:
    https://www.familyactionnetwork.net/speaker/michael-eric-dyson-ph-d/

    Michael Eric Dyson, Tears We Cannot Stop: A Sermon to White America: https://youtu.be/B7PFZvrjRh8?si=IWSW_8UB4-YXGERu

    “Slavery isn’t just a Southern story. The North benefited from stolen labor,” review of Montero’s book in the Christian Science Monitor, April 25, 2024: https://www.csmonitor.com/text_edition/Books/Book-Reviews/2024/0425/stolen-wealth-of-slavery-David-Montero-reparations

    Jonathan Eig, 2024 Pulitzer Prize winner (Biography), for “King: A Life”: https://www.jonathaneig.com/
    Book Club: Kickback – Exposing the Global Corporate Bribery Network – by David Montero, Thom Hartmann Program, Aug 31, 2018: https://youtu.be/tJsD8ozY4Hg?si=31aH6nuhIaHgiNAm

    The New York Kidnapping Club: Wall Street, Slavery, and Resistance on the Eve of the Civil War, by Jonathan Daniel Wells:
    https://www.jonathandanielwells.com/the-new-york-kidnapping-club

    “How Wall Street Funded Slavery,” Montero’s Feb. 9, 2024 piece for TIME magazine:
    https://time.com/6692434/6692434/

    “Book on slavery’s wealth touches prominent Pittsburgh philanthropists,” 90.5 WESA: https://www.wesa.fm/identity-community/2024-04-02/prominent-pittsburgh-philanthropists-slavery-wealth-book

    The Lynching of Frazier Baker

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    Frazier Baker, the first African American to be elected as U.S. postmaster for Lake City, South Carolina, was a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement. He was born in 1908 in Lake City and attended segregated schools. After graduating from high school, he worked as a farmer and a teacher.

    In 1946, Baker was elected as the president of the Lake City branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He also served as the president of the South Carolina NAACP from 1951 to 1955.

    During the Civil Rights Movement, Baker was a leading figure in the fight for voting rights for African Americans. He was arrested several times for his activism, but he never gave up.

    In 1966, Baker was elected as the U.S. postmaster for Lake City. He was the first African American to hold this position. Baker served as postmaster until his retirement in 1972.

    Baker was a dedicated civil rights activist and a respected community leader. And although he left a lasting legacy of fighting for justice and equality in America, he was dealt the cruelty of racism and hate by a white mob.

    On February 22, 1898, a white mob lynched Dr. Frazier Baker along with his infant daughter, Julia. The mob also injured Baker’s wife, Lavinia, and two of their remaining children. Lavinia and the five surviving children managed to flee.

    Read a detailed report on Frazier Baker by Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), HERE.

    New York Lawmaker Rises on ‘Moral and Legal Obligation’ Measure for Reparations

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    Rep. Jamaal Bowman, (D-NY) along with a handful of his democratic colleagues, have offered a $14 trillion pathway to finally reach a deal on the long standing issue of reparations.

    The measure is calling on the federal government to be held accountable for slavery and the aftermath of it. The lawmaker cited the federal government’s response to the pandemic and the “space race” as examples that can make H.Res. 414 feasible. “When COVID was destroying us, we invested in the American people in a way that kept the economy afloat,” said Bowman. “The government can invest the same way in reparations without raising taxes on anyone.” “…Where did the money come from?” Bowman said. “We spent it into existence.”

    Bowman is among nine sponsors of H.Res. 414, which seeks to establish that the US has “a moral and legal obligation to provide reparations for the enslavement of Africans and its lasting harm on the lives of millions of Black people in the United States.”

    The measure would prompt the federal government to spend $14 trillion on a reparations program that would support descendants of enslaved Black people and people of African descent. Another measure to establish a federal commission on the impact of reparations was reintroduced this year and Bowman is a sponsor of it. The lawmakers say the bill must also address racial disparities in housing, mass incarceration, and education outcomes and “eliminate the racial wealth gap that currently exists between Black and White Americans.”

    A recent report by David McKay Wilson in the Journal News provides this whitewashed summary on America’s long history with slavery:

    “State-sanctioned slavery existed in what became the United States for 246 years. Ten of the nation’s first 12 presidents enslaved Black people, including one who engaged in slave trading from the Oval Office. Enslaved people — both in the North and the South — helped build our nation and were a foundation of the 18th and 19th century economies. The Hudson Valley’s Philipse family, with a mansion in Yonkers and a mill up the river at Philipsburg Manor, made a portion of their fortune through the slave trade.

    New York’s gradual emancipation in 1799 subjected current slaves to lifelong bondage but granted freedom to those born after 1799 by 1827. National emancipation came in 1865, but freedom for the former slaves did not bring prosperity or the rights enjoyed by other Americans.”

    Another important historical fact shared on X by Equal Justice Initiative states that on January 18, 1771, North Carolina approved payments of nearly 1,000 pounds, or the equivalent of $230,000 today, to “reimburse” white “owners” for enslaved Black people executed by the state.  Dr. Kind said “the time is always right to do the right thing,” especially when it comes to this long and arduous battle to bring about economic justice for Black people who built America under the brutality of slave labor, and creating the richest nation the world has ever known. In his famous I Have A Dream speech, he said, “We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and security of justice. We have also come to his hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now.” America must now go beyond honoring Dr. King’s legacy and deliver this check to repair what remains broken.