Expert Voices

Dorothy Porter Wesley: A Visionary Who Shaped Black History and American Culture

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On October 24, 1994, President Bill Clinton honored Dorothy Porter Wesley with the National Endowment for the Humanities’ Charles Frankel Award, recognizing her monumental contributions as a Black librarian, bibliographer, researcher, and curator. A true pioneer, Wesley’s work at Howard University’s Library of Negro Life and History (now the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center) transformed a modest collection into a world-class research hub, profoundly impacting Black studies and the broader American intellectual landscape.

Need to Know: The Unsung Architect of Black Scholarship

Dorothy Porter Wesley, born May 25, 1905, in Warrenton, Virginia, was the first Black woman to earn a library science degree from Columbia University. Joining Howard University in 1928, she faced significant challenges, including limited budget and staff. Yet, her unwavering dedication and innovative spirit led her to build a collection of over 180,000 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and other materials. She famously “begged” for donations from publishers, authors, and families, ensuring the preservation of invaluable Black historical and cultural artifacts.

One of her most significant achievements was developing a new classification system for the collection. Recognizing the limitations of the Dewey Decimal System, which offered only two categories for African Americans (slavery and colonization), Porter Wesley created a system that organized books by genre and author, offering a more nuanced and respectful approach to Black literature and scholarship.

Take-Aways: Lessons from a Life Dedicated to Preservation and Access

  • Visionary Leadership: Porter Wesley’s foresight in recognizing the critical need for a dedicated Black research center laid the groundwork for the formal discipline of Black Studies.
  • Overcoming Adversity: Despite systemic sexism and racial barriers, she built an unparalleled resource through sheer determination, resourcefulness, and a global network of contacts.
  • Innovation in Information Science: Her creation of a new classification system demonstrated a profound understanding of the unique needs of Black scholarship and challenged existing discriminatory practices in library science.
  • The Power of Archiving: Her work underscores the vital role of archives in preserving marginalized narratives and providing the foundational evidence for new historical understandings.

Dorothy Porter Wesley’s legacy resonates deeply across several facets of American society:

  • American Culture: By making Black history and culture accessible, she enriched the national narrative, ensuring that the contributions and experiences of African Americans are recognized as integral to the American story. Her work challenged the prevailing historical omissions and biases, fostering a more inclusive understanding of American identity.
  • Black History: Wesley’s tireless efforts directly fueled the emergence and growth of Black Studies as a robust academic discipline. The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center became an indispensable resource for scholars worldwide, providing the primary documentation necessary to research, write, and teach Black history with depth and accuracy. Historian Benjamin Quarles noted, “Without exaggeration, there hasn’t been a major black history book in the last 30 years in which the author hasn’t acknowledged Mrs. Porter’s help.”
  • Black Women’s Role in American Society: As a Black woman leading a major academic institution during a time of significant racial and gender discrimination, Porter Wesley served as a powerful role model. Her achievements demonstrated the intellectual prowess, leadership, and resilience of Black women in shaping academic fields and cultural institutions. She broke barriers and created opportunities for future generations of Black women in academia and beyond.
  • Arts and Humanities in the Shaping of the Nation: Porter Wesley’s work is a testament to the transformative power of the arts and humanities. By preserving literature, manuscripts, and other cultural artifacts, she ensured that the artistic and intellectual expressions of Black people were not lost but instead became a source of knowledge, inspiration, and resistance. Her center became a radical site for the creation of new narratives, allowing the legacy of Black people to become public and part of the public imagination, influencing everything from historical research to documentary filmmaking, as exemplified by figures like Raoul Peck.

Dorothy Porter Wesley was more than a librarian; she was a cultural architect, a guardian of history, and a champion of intellectual liberation. Her enduring work continues to empower scholars, inspire new generations, and ensure that the rich tapestry of Black experience remains a vibrant and accessible part of our shared human story.

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East Wing Falls: A Symbol Shattered

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President Donald J. Trump has begun an unprecedented demolition of a portion of the East Wing to construct a lavish, privately funded ballroom. This project, estimated to cost $300 million, has sparked significant controversy, with critics viewing it as an overhaul of a historic building for a personal project that undermines the “People’s House” and the principles of American democracy. Despite the president’s claims of private funding and historical precedent for renovations, the project has proceeded without full approval from the National Capital Planning Commission and has drawn criticism for its potential to grant wealthy donors undue access and influence.

Take-Aways:

  • Unprecedented Scale: Historians confirm that a construction project of this magnitude has never before occurred at the White House, distinguishing it from past presidential renovations.
  • Controversial Funding: While the White House asserts the ballroom is privately funded, the lack of transparency regarding donors and the hosting of donor dinners raise concerns about potential quid pro quo arrangements and access for wealthy individuals.
  • Erosion of Democratic Norms: Critics argue that the project, alongside other actions taken by the administration, signifies a broader attempt to consolidate power, sideline Congress, and remake national institutions in a singular image, challenging the foundations of the Constitution, checks and balances, and the rule of law.
  • Symbolic Significance: The demolition of a historic part of the White House for a personal vanity project is seen by many as an affront to the building’s symbolic value as a shared heritage and the “People’s House.”

Implications for American Culture, the Future of Democracy, and the Security of the Constitution:

The White House ballroom project is more than just a construction endeavor; it’s a potent symbol in a larger narrative about the state of American democracy and the security of its foundational principles.

For American Culture: The White House has long stood as a symbol of stability, tradition, and the collective heritage of the American people. Its transformation for a “gaudy” personal project risks eroding this shared cultural understanding and fostering a sense of alienation from national institutions. The images of an excavator tearing into the East Wing could become an enduring visual metaphor for a perceived disregard for history and public trust.

For the Future of Democracy: The controversy surrounding the ballroom highlights deeper concerns about the politicization of government institutions, the stifling of free speech, and the erosion of accountability. When a presidential administration appears to bypass established regulatory processes and leverage private donations for personal projects, it sets a dangerous precedent. This can undermine public confidence in the integrity of democratic processes and the impartiality of government, potentially leading to increased cynicism and disengagement.

For the Security of the Constitution: The Constitution, with its system of checks and balances and the rule of law, is designed to prevent the consolidation of power and protect against authoritarian tendencies. Actions that appear to disregard these cornerstones, whether through unilateral decision-making, the sidelining of oversight bodies, or the blurring of lines between public office and private interests, pose a direct threat to the security of the Constitution. The concern is that such actions, if unchecked, could gradually dismantle the very framework that guarantees a democratic republic.

In a time when the foundations of democracy are perceived to be under threat, the White House ballroom stands as a stark reminder of the ongoing struggle to uphold the values and principles upon which the United States was built. It calls for vigilance, informed engagement, and a renewed commitment to safeguarding the institutions that secure our collective future.

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Beyond Bad Luck: Systemic Forces Pushing Black Women Out

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Why Black Women Are Being Pushed Out of the Workforce and What It Means for America

In recent months, a silent crisis has been unfolding in the American workforce: over 320,000 Black women have been pushed out of their jobs, a figure that continues to rise and is sounding alarms among advocates and economists. This isn’t merely an unfortunate turn of events; it’s a stark reflection of systemic inequities, policy decisions, and evolving economic landscapes that demand our immediate attention.

The Need to Know: A Crisis Unfolding

The numbers are staggering: in April alone, over 106,000 Black women lost their jobs, with their unemployment rate jumping from 5.1% to 6.1% in a single month, eventually climbing to 7.5%. This widening gap, unseen since 2020, is not accidental. Karen Boykin-Towns, Vice Chair of the NAACP National Board of Directors, attributes this to a “convergence of systemic inequities made worse by policy decisions that have rolled back hard-won progress.”

Black women are disproportionately concentrated in public service, nonprofits, and care work—sectors that have been hit hardest by massive federal workforce cuts and the quiet abandonment of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) commitments. When departments like Education and HUD, which have historically employed large numbers of Black women, are dismantled, it doesn’t just cut jobs; it severs pathways to stability, security, and advancement.

Key Takeaways: Unpacking the Layers of Disadvantage

  • Systemic Disinvestment: The exodus is a direct result of systemic disinvestment, not personal choice. Policies that weaken public sectors and erode DEI initiatives have a direct and devastating impact on Black women’s economic stability.
  • The Network Gap: Beyond overt job cuts, Black women face a widening “network gap.” Research indicates that a significant percentage of professionals secure jobs through referrals, yet non-white candidates often have smaller social networks. The rollback of DEI programs, including Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) and mentorship initiatives, further exacerbates this issue, limiting crucial networking and career advancement opportunities.
  • Intersection of Biases: Black women in leadership often report feelings of both hypervisibility and invisibility, experiencing the “pet to threat” phenomenon where they are celebrated but exploited, then later perceived as a risk to the status quo. They also contend with gendered racism and the “angry Black woman” stereotype, and studies show that a higher percentage of white team members can lead to Black women leaving their jobs and being less likely to be promoted.
  • AI and Automation Risks: The rise of AI poses an additional threat. Black women are overrepresented in job roles vulnerable to AI-driven disruption, yet underrepresented in computing-related jobs. Biased AI hiring tools may also exacerbate existing inequalities.
  • Broader Policy Blind Spots: Beyond employment, Black women face compounding economic risks from inflation (with goods marketed to women experiencing significantly higher inflation rates), student loan debt (where Black women struggle more to meet basic expenses), and structural exclusion from growing tech sectors.

Implications for American Culture: A Ripple Effect

The economic stability of Black women is not just a moral imperative; it’s an economic necessity for a stronger America. With over 51% of Black households led by breadwinner mothers, their job loss has far-reaching consequences, threatening housing stability, consumer spending, and educational outcomes for children. Every one-point drop in women’s labor force participation costs the U.S. economy an estimated $146 billion in lost GDP. When Black women are pushed out, we all lose.

Black Women in the Workforce: A Fight for Equity

The NAACP, through initiatives like their Virtual Career Fair and partnerships with TalentAlly, is actively responding to this crisis. They are pushing for corporate accountability, urging companies to commit to diverse hiring, leadership, DEI procurement plans, corporate philanthropy focused on equity, and publishing diversity data. The National Council of Negro Women is also hosting similar fairs, demonstrating “community resilience…turning advocacy into action.”

AI, DEI, and the Future of Black Women in the Workforce: A Call to Action

The current anti-DEI climate, often used as a scapegoat for economic dislocation, is a dangerous distraction. While white women have historically benefited most from DEI programs, the continued lack of women and minorities in leadership underscores their ongoing necessity. The NAACP emphasizes that “economic rights are civil rights,” connecting this moment to their century-long fight for fair employment.

To reverse this trend, a policy reset is crucial:

  • Restore and protect public-sector roles in education, healthcare, and care work.
  • Reinstate and strengthen DEI programs across federal agencies and corporations, recognizing them as “performance drivers.”
  • Build inclusive pathways into tech and innovation sectors through access to skilling, capital, and transparent hiring practices.
  • Audit economic policy through an intersectional gender lens, addressing issues like the gender tariff gap and student loan debt.

For Black women, intentionally building community, joining professional groups, and leveraging platforms like LinkedIn for networking are vital strategies to address the network gap.

This crisis is not an inevitable outcome; it’s the result of policy choices. By making better choices and actively supporting Black women in the workforce, we not only close opportunity gaps but also strengthen the entire American economy.

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More Than 300,000 Black Women Have Lost Their Jobs This Year. The NAACP Says It’s No Accident.; Over 300,000 Black women have been pushed out of the workforce in recent months; In April alone; By now it’s climbed to 7.5%; The NAACP is responding with a Virtual Career Fair on October 15; No Friends In The Pipeline: Why 300,000 Black Women Were Pushed Out Of The Workforce; A recently published MSNBC article; article; research; study; Catalyst; Black women’s career advancement; leading Fortune 500 companies; education; medicine; tech; pet to threat concept; report; gendered racism; angry Black woman stereotype; Harvard study; rise of AI; exacerbate existing biases; LinkedIn article; 300,000 Black women left the labor force in 3 months. It’s not a coincidence.; nearly 300,000 Black women left the U.S. labor force; Black women; hit jobs in education, health, and community-facing roles; Black women are concentrated; state and local governments; pink-collar jobs; federal government; private sector.; are now restricted or suspect; DEI budgets; dropped by 43 percent; 20,000 in 2023; 17,500 by April 2025; treating DEI as expendable; data proves otherwise; federal appeals court blocked the Fearless Fund; race-conscious private initiatives are now more exposed to legal attack; current inflation rate; $0.64 for every dollar; “Big Beautiful Bill”; $13.9 billion more than men; 57 percent of Black women; 21 percent working in jobs highly exposed; 3 percent of computing-related jobs; Black women lost 318,000 jobs; 51 percent of Black households; one-point drop; lost GDP; we all lose; Black women disproportionately; performance drivers; inclusive pathways; intersectional gender lens; gender tariff gap; 300,000 Black women left the labor force in 3 months. It’s not a coincidence.; Black women make up 0.7% of Google’s tech workforce.; While white men gained hundreds of thousands of jobs as employees in the federal workforce, Black women lost the most among every demographic.; https://x.com/JeanJacquesDes7/status/1962547047438979080

Warning: Big Changes Coming to US Education Under McMahon

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The Shifting Sands of American Education: What You Need to Know About the Department of Education Under Linda McMahon

The U.S. Department of Education, under the leadership of Secretary Linda McMahon, is undergoing significant transformations that could profoundly reshape the American educational landscape. These shifts, driven by a philosophy of returning educational power to states and local communities, carry both immediate and long-term implications for students, teachers, families, and the future workforce. It’s crucial for every American to understand these changes and their potential impact.

The Need to Know: Key Changes at the Department of Education

Several key actions by the Trump administration and Secretary McMahon signal a dramatic departure from previous educational policies:

  • Decimation of Special Education Staff: The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS), responsible for administering federal funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), has experienced widespread layoffs. This reduction in workforce directly impacts the oversight and support for critical programs serving students with disabilities.
  • Diversion of Minority-Serving Institution Grants: The Department has ceased discretionary funding for several Minority-Serving Institution (MSI) grant programs, redirecting approximately $350 million. The rationale cited is that these programs discriminate by restricting eligibility based on racial or ethnic quotas. This move affects hundreds of colleges and universities serving diverse student populations.
  • Promotion of “Patriotic” Civics Content: The Department has partnered with over 40 conservative organizations to create the “America 250 Civics Education Coalition.” This initiative aims to develop programming focused on renewing patriotism, strengthening civic knowledge, and advancing a shared understanding of America’s founding principles.
  • Expansion of Private School Vouchers: The administration has federalized private school voucher programs through the Educational Choice for Children Act (ECCA), offering significant tax credits for donations to organizations providing private school tuition vouchers. This program could cost the federal government billions annually and potentially lead to cuts in public education funding.
  • Diminished Federal Oversight and Capacity: With a significant reduction in its workforce, the Department of Education has fewer staff to oversee accountability systems like the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and enforce civil rights protections through the Office for Civil Rights (OCR). States are also being encouraged to seek waivers from federal accountability requirements.
  • K-12 Funding Cuts and Restrictions: The administration has rescinded or frozen billions in K-12 education funds, including COVID relief grants and funds for professional development, English learners, migrant education services, and after-school programs. While some funds were eventually released, new conditions and reporting mandates were attached.

The Risks of Eliminating Educational Programs, Especially for Those with Special Needs

The most immediate and concerning risk lies in the dismantling of programs for vulnerable student populations. The drastic reduction in special education staff raises serious questions about the future administration of IDEA, which provides a free and appropriate education for children with disabilities and allocates around $15 billion in funding. Without adequate federal oversight and support, there is a significant risk that funding may not reach states, and access to crucial support and advocacy for children with special needs could diminish. This creates a vacuum that local and state systems may not be equipped to fill, potentially leaving families without the resources and protections they are legally entitled to.

The diversion of funds from minority-serving institutions also poses a substantial risk to educational equity. These institutions are vital engines of economic mobility, providing critical support and resources to millions of students of color and those from low-income backgrounds. Cutting this funding could destabilize these colleges, reduce opportunities in STEM fields, and ultimately harm the communities they serve.Implications for American Culture and Society

These political shifts carry profound implications for American culture and society:

  • Erosion of Federal Protections: The weakening of federal oversight in education, particularly in civil rights enforcement, could lead to a rollback of protections for marginalized students. This could exacerbate existing inequities and create a less inclusive educational environment.
  • Re-shaping of Civic Identity: The emphasis on “patriotic” civics content, while seemingly benign, raises concerns about a potentially narrow and ideologically driven curriculum. This could limit diverse perspectives and critical thinking, shaping a generation with a less nuanced understanding of American history and civic responsibility.
  • Increased Privatization of Education: The aggressive promotion of private school vouchers could divert essential resources from public schools, which serve the vast majority of American students. This could further entrench educational disparities, as private schools often lack the accountability measures of public institutions and may not be accessible to all students.
  • Impact on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: The administration’s stance on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA) programs, labeling them as discriminatory, threatens initiatives designed to create inclusive environments and remove barriers for all students. This could hinder efforts to address systemic inequities and foster a truly representative educational system.

Impact on Students, Teachers, Families, and the Workforce of the Future

  • Students: Students with disabilities face uncertainty regarding the continuity and quality of their legally mandated services. Students of color, particularly those attending minority-serving institutions, may see reduced access to critical financial and academic support. All students could experience a less diverse and inclusive learning environment, and the quality of public education could suffer from funding shifts.
  • Teachers: Teachers may face increased pressure due to reduced federal support for professional development and a potential shift in curriculum focus. The weakening of accountability systems could also impact how teacher effectiveness is measured and supported.
  • Families: Families of students with special needs will need to become even more vigilant in advocating for their children’s rights and seeking support at local and state levels. Families from low-income backgrounds may find fewer options for affordable and quality higher education.
  • Workforce of the Future: The long-term impact on the workforce is significant. A less equitable and inclusive education system could lead to a less diverse and less prepared workforce. Cuts to STEM programs and support for minority-serving institutions could hinder the development of talent in critical fields, ultimately affecting America’s competitiveness and innovation.

What the Average American Must Know to Prepare

The average American must be informed and engaged to navigate these changes:

  • Stay Informed: Follow news and updates from reputable sources regarding federal and state education policies. Understand how these changes might affect your local schools and communities.
  • Advocate Locally: Engage with your local school boards, state education departments, and elected officials. Your voice is crucial in shaping local and state responses to federal policy shifts.
  • Support Public Education: Recognize the vital role public schools play in our communities and advocate for their adequate funding and resources.
  • Understand Your Rights: For families of students with disabilities, be aware of your rights under IDEA and seek information on local and state support systems.
  • Demand Accountability: Hold your elected representatives accountable for policies that impact education. Understand their stances on federal funding, civil rights, and educational equity.

Call to Action

The future of American education is at a crossroads. It is imperative that we, as citizens, actively participate in shaping this future. Educate yourself, engage with your communities, and advocate for policies that ensure a high-quality, equitable, and inclusive education for all students. Our collective action today will determine the educational opportunities and societal well-being of generations to come.

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Celebrating Heritage and Progress: The 56th Annual African American Day Parade in Harlem

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Harlem’s historic streets once again vibrated with energy, pride, and purpose on Sunday, September 21st, as the 56th Annual African American Day Parade (AADP) made its way along Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard. This year’s parade, themed “Education is Our #1 Priority,” not only celebrated the rich tapestry of African American culture but also underscored the enduring importance of education in empowering the community.

Need to Know: What Made This Year Special

The AADP, founded in 1968 by community leaders who envisioned a platform for positive representation and celebration, has consistently served as a beacon of unity and heritage. This year’s 56th iteration continued that legacy with a weekend of events:

  • “Get Involved” Community Literacy, Health & Celebration of Culture: Held on Saturday, September 20th, at the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Plaza, this event offered live performances, literacy activities, health services, and community resources, emphasizing the parade’s dedication to civic engagement beyond the main procession.
  • “Education is Our #1 Priority”: The central theme highlighted the critical role of education. The parade honored educators and community leaders who have made significant contributions to the African American community, including presidents of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and local education advocates.
  • Distinguished Grand Marshals: The parade featured a distinguished roster of Grand Marshals, including Senator Cordell Cleare, multi-platinum singer Karyn White, Channel 7 anchor Sandra Bookman, and WBLS radio host Dr. Bob Lee, all of whom embody leadership and service within the community.
  • Political Support: City, state, and federal officials, including Governor Kathy Hochul, Mayor Eric Adams, and Attorney General Letitia James, participated, demonstrating broad support for the parade’s mission and its impact on the community.
  • Vibrant Spectacle: From rhythmic drumlines and vibrant dance troupes to community groups and grassroots organizations, the parade offered a dynamic and interactive celebration, reflecting both historical heritage and contemporary creativity.

Key Takeaways: More Than Just a Parade

The 56th AADP was more than a festive gathering; it was a powerful affirmation of identity, resilience, and forward momentum.

  • Unity and Celebration: The parade brought together thousands of spectators and participants, fostering a strong sense of community and collective pride in African American culture, heritage, and achievements.
  • Focus on Empowerment: By centering on education, the parade reinforced the belief that learning is a cornerstone for individual and communal advancement, inspiring academic excellence and civic engagement.
  • Honoring Legacies: Tributes were paid to historical figures, cultural icons, and parade forerunners, reminding attendees of the generations of leadership, courage, and resilience that paved the way for current progress. The event also honored notable community members who passed this year, such as Congressman Charlie Rangel and NAACP New York State Conference President Hazel Dukes.
  • Advocacy and Progress: Senator Cordell Cleare’s remarks about reactivating Malcolm X Plaza and the ongoing work of the New York State Community Commission on Reparations Remedies underscored the parade’s dual focus on celebration and advocacy for continued community initiatives.

Historic Implications: A Legacy of Significance

The African American Day Parade holds profound historic implications for both American and African American culture and history:

  • A Continuous Narrative: Since its inception in 1968, the AADP has consistently provided a crucial platform for the African American community to tell its own story, celebrate its triumphs, and address its challenges. It serves as a living testament to the ongoing struggle for equality and justice, and the unwavering spirit of a people.
  • Harlem’s Enduring Role: Held on Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, the heart of the Harlem Renaissance, the parade connects contemporary celebrations with a pivotal era of Black cultural advancement. This location reinforces Harlem’s historical significance as the “Black capital of America” and a symbol of Black excellence.
  • Shaping American Identity: By showcasing African American culture, heritage, and contributions, the parade enriches the broader American cultural landscape. It serves as a powerful reminder that American history is inextricably linked with the experiences and achievements of African Americans, challenging narrow narratives and promoting a more inclusive understanding of the nation’s past and present.
  • A Call to Action: Each year’s theme, particularly “Education is Our #1 Priority,” transforms the parade into a dynamic call to action, mobilizing the community around critical issues and inspiring collective efforts towards progress. This demonstrates the parade’s role not just as a commemorative event, but as a catalyst for social change.

The 56th Annual African American Day Parade was a vibrant testament to the enduring spirit of Harlem and the African American community. It was a day of solidarity, celebration, and a powerful reminder that by honoring our past and investing in our future, we continue to shape a more equitable and inspiring world.

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The Berry Brothers: Acrobatic Tap, Enduring Legacy, and the Shaping of American Culture

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Tap dance, a vibrant and uniquely American art form, owes much of its evolution and dynamism to the ingenuity and resilience of Black artists. Yet, this rich history is often overshadowed, with figures like Fred Astaire frequently credited for its advancement, despite his inability to match the powerful styles of Black dancers.

Among the true pioneers who shaped tap dancing and left an indelible mark on American history and culture were the Berry Brothers: Nyas, James, and Warren.

Need to Know: Who Were the Berry Brothers?

The Berry Brothers were an influential African-American “flash” tap dance trio, active for over three decades, from the late 1920s to the early 1950s. They were renowned for their high-energy, acrobatic style, seamlessly blending rhythmic precision with daring, athletic moves like synchronized cane twirling, mid-air splits, and spectacular somersaults. Born in New Orleans (Nyas and James) and Denver (Warren), they honed their craft on the grueling “Chitlin’ Circuit” before breaking into mainstream venues.

A Legacy in Tap Dancing History

The Berry Brothers’ contribution to tap dance was revolutionary. They were pioneers of the “flash act,” pushing the boundaries of the art form with their innovative combination of traditional soft-shoe and acrobatic routines. Their masterful precision, clarity, concentration, and astounding musicality were on full display in every performance.

One of their most legendary moments was the 1938 dance-off at the Cotton Club with their principal rivals, the equally acrobatic Nicholas Brothers. While some considered the Nicholas Brothers better all-around performers, many acknowledged the Berry Brothers’ unparalleled athleticism and daring moves, with some accounts suggesting they “won the day” with their synchronized flying and tumbling split-legged catapult over the band. Their work left a lasting legacy, influencing generations of dancers and solidifying their place as trailblazers of rhythm and style.

Shaping American History and Culture: The Harlem Renaissance

The Berry Brothers rose to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance, a period of immense cultural expression and a “spiritual coming of age” for African Americans. They were fixtures of the New York jazz scene, performing for five years at the famous Cotton Club with jazz greats like Duke Ellington. Their performances, alongside those of other Black artists, were central to defining culture and “cool” for both Black and white audiences in America and around the world.

Their career highlights include performing at the Cotton Club, becoming one of the first Black acts at the Copacabana in 1929, and appearing in films like Lady Be Good (1941) and Panama Hattie (1942). Through their art, they contributed to a new African American identity, transforming “social disillusionment to race pride” and challenging reductive, racist stereotypes.

Comparing Contributions and Their Place in History

While both the Berry Brothers and the Nicholas Brothers were phenomenal “flash” tap dancers, the Berry Brothers were particularly celebrated for their sheer athleticism and daring acrobatics. They were the only successful tap dance group to truly rival the Nicholas Brothers in talent, flash, and success. Their unique blend of older Black vernacular dance traditions like the soft shoe and Cakewalk with acrobatics created a uniquely flashy performance style. Their place in history is secured as innovators who pushed the physical and artistic boundaries of tap dance, contributing significantly to its evolution.

Berry Me Not with The Berry Brothers | Panama Hattie | Warner Archive

How Racism Impacted Their Legacy and Art

Despite their undeniable talent and acclaim, the Berry Brothers’ careers were significantly hampered by the systemic racism of the 20th century. This was evident in several ways:

  • The “Chitlin’ Circuit”: They honed their craft on the T.O.B.A. circuit, a segregated network of vaudeville theaters that booked exclusively Black talent, often with low pay.
  • The Cotton Club Paradox: While headliners at the Cotton Club, they performed for exclusively white audiences. The club’s “plantation” decor, colorist policies (requiring lighter-skinned female performers), and discriminatory practices exploited Black creativity for white consumption.
  • Breaking Barriers with Hypocrisy: Their groundbreaking performances at venues like the Copacabana were undercut by the clubs’ segregationist policies, where Black performers entertained white patrons but were denied entry as customers.
  • Segregation in Hollywood: Their Hollywood appearances were often limited to specialty dance numbers that could be easily edited out for Southern audiences, and they were denied leading roles, a common experience for Black performers of the era.

This systemic racism prevented them from achieving even greater recognition and financial success, ultimately impacting the full scope of their legacy.

Historical Takeaways

The story of the Berry Brothers offers several crucial historical takeaways:

  • Resilience and Innovation: Black artists, despite facing immense discrimination, consistently innovated and elevated art forms, turning percussive dance born from African roots into high-art spectacles.
  • The Power of Art in Social Change: Their performances, and the broader Harlem Renaissance, demonstrated how art could be a vehicle for expressing a new Black identity, challenging stereotypes, and fostering race pride, laying a foundation for future civil rights movements.
  • The Dual Nature of Progress: While breaking color barriers in some prestigious venues, the underlying racism and segregationist practices of the era continued to exploit and limit Black talent.
  • The Importance of Remembering: It is crucial to acknowledge and celebrate the contributions of Black pioneers like the Berry Brothers to ensure their rightful place in American cultural memory, and to understand the complex interplay of art, race, and societal structures.

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The Chilling Echo of “Plenary Authority”: A Threat to Our Constitutional Republic

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Stephen Miller’s recent on-air “glitch” when uttering “plenary authority” sent shivers down the spines of many, and for good reason. While CNN quickly attributed it to “crossed wires,” the incident sparked a crucial national conversation about the very foundations of American democracy. This isn’t just about a technical hiccup; it’s about a concept that, if unchecked, could fundamentally alter the balance of power enshrined in our Constitution.

The Need to Know: What is “Plenary Authority”?

“Plenary authority” refers to power that is wide-ranging, broadly construed, and often limitless for all practical purposes. In the U.S. context, “plenary power” is most often associated with the legislative branch, particularly Congress, and its control over specific issues like interstate commerce, immigration, and Indian affairs. For example, under the Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), Congress holds plenary power to regulate commerce among the states.

However, the idea of a single leader, like the President, wielding such absolute power is antithetical to the democratic principles of our constitutional government. Our system is built on the separation of powers and a robust system of checks and balances precisely to prevent any one branch from holding unchecked authority.

Stephen Miller’s Statement vs. Supreme Court Precedent

Stephen Miller’s assertion that the President has “plenary authority” to deploy the National Guard under Title 10 of the U.S. Code directly clashes with the established understanding of executive power and Supreme Court rulings.

Miller’s Claim: Miller suggested that the President possesses absolute power in deploying the National Guard, even in defiance of judicial orders. His statement implied a presidential authority that bypasses constitutional limitations and the separation of powers.

Supreme Court on Plenary Power: While the Supreme Court, notably in cases like Gibbons v. Ogden, has interpreted Congress’s power to “regulate Commerce” broadly, affirming its “plenary” nature in specific legislative domains, this has never extended to granting the President absolute, unchecked authority. The Court has consistently upheld the principle that presidential power is constrained by the Constitution and the laws passed by Congress. For instance, the Insurrection Act, which outlines conditions for presidential deployment of military forces, is subject to legal and procedural requirements. Courts have, in fact, rejected executive claims of plenary authority when these conditions were not met.

The critical distinction is that Congress’s plenary power is derived from specific constitutional grants and is still subject to judicial review and constitutional limitations. The President’s authority, on the other hand, is executive in nature and is explicitly checked by the legislative and judicial branches. Miller’s statement, therefore, suggests a dangerous overreach of executive power that is not supported by constitutional law or Supreme Court precedent.

Take-Aways for American Culture

  • Vigilance is Key: The incident serves as a stark reminder that the language used by those in power matters. We must remain vigilant and question assertions of absolute authority, especially when they contradict the spirit and letter of our Constitution.
  • Understanding Our Constitution: A strong understanding of constitutional principles, particularly the separation of powers and checks and balances, is essential for every citizen. This knowledge empowers us to identify and resist attempts to undermine our democratic institutions.
  • The Power of Public Discourse: The widespread online discussion and scrutiny following Miller’s statement demonstrate the vital role of public discourse and a free press in holding power accountable.

Implications for American Culture: Protecting Our Constitution Under Direct Threat

When figures in power hint at “plenary authority” for the executive, it sends a chilling echo of authoritarian regimes where leaders operate with minimal restrictions. This directly threatens the core tenets of American culture: liberty, justice, and a government accountable to its people.

The “No Kings” protests that emerged in response to similar sentiments from the Trump administration underscore the deep-seated American aversion to unchecked power. Our history is a testament to the struggle against tyranny, and our Constitution is the ultimate safeguard against it.

Call to Action: Now, more than ever, we must actively engage in protecting our Constitution. This means:

  • Educating ourselves and others about our constitutional rights and the structure of our government.
  • Demanding accountability from our elected officials and challenging any rhetoric or actions that seek to consolidate power.
  • Supporting institutions that uphold the rule of law and defend civil liberties.

The “glitch” may have been quickly dismissed, but the underlying sentiment it revealed demands our unwavering attention. The future of our constitutional republic depends on our collective commitment to its principles.

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Coney Island Says “No” to Casino: A Victory for Community and Culture

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Coney Island, a beloved symbol of American leisure and history, recently faced a significant threat: a massive casino, hotel, and convention center project known as “The Coney.” Proposed by billionaire developer Joe Sitt and his consortium (Thor Equities, Saratoga Casino Holdings, Global Gaming Solutions, and Legends Hospitality), this $3 billion to $3.4 billion development aimed to transform the iconic amusement area. However, thanks to a powerful community uproar, the project has been canceled, preserving the unique character and historical significance of Coney Island.

The Stakes: What Was at Risk?

“The Coney” project posed a severe threat to the heart and soul of Coney Island. Key concerns included:

  • Loss of Amusement Rides: Nearly half of the existing rides were slated for removal, with others at risk, potentially leaving only the Wonder Wheel and the Cyclone.
  • Threat to Coney Island USA and the Mermaid Parade: The non-profit arts organization, Coney Island USA, which sponsors the iconic Mermaid Parade, faced an uncertain future, jeopardizing one of New York’s most beloved events.
  • Traffic and Community Disruption: The project involved closing W 12th St, Stillwell Ave, and W 15th to regular traffic, a move that Charles Denson of the Coney Island History Project highlighted as dangerous in his film.
  • Change in Neighborhood Character: Many residents and activists feared the casino would drastically alter the unique character of Coney Island, replacing its vibrant, accessible charm with a corporate, high-stakes environment.

The Uproar and the Outcome

The community’s response was swift and passionate. Residents, activists, and local leaders rallied against the project, demonstrating the power of collective action. This grassroots movement involved:

  • Public Hearings and Advocacy: Citizens actively participated in hearings and contacted politicians to voice their opposition.
  • Petitions and Social Media: An online petition garnered over 12,500 signatures, and social media campaigns spread awareness and galvanized support.
  • Community Advisory Committee (CAC) Engagement: The CAC played a crucial role, with public comments submitted via email to TheConeyPublicComment@nystec.com.

The culmination of these efforts came on September 29, 2025, when the Community Advisory Committee voted on the fate of “The Coney.” With four “NO” votes (Senator Jessica Scarcella-Spanton, Assemblymember Alec Brook-Krasny’s appointee Marissa Solomon, Borough President Antonio Reynoso, and Councilmember Justin Brannan), the project was killed, preventing it from moving forward to the Gaming Facility Location Board. This victory was a testament to the community’s unwavering dedication.

Takeaways and Implications for American Culture

The cancellation of “The Coney” casino project offers several profound takeaways and has significant implications for American culture and the enduring story of Coney Island:

  • The Power of Community: This fight unequivocally demonstrated that organized community action can successfully challenge powerful developers and protect local heritage. It’s a powerful reminder that local voices matter.
  • Preserving Cultural Landmarks: Coney Island is more than just an amusement park; it’s a living piece of American history and popular culture. It represents accessible fun, innovation in entertainment, and a vibrant, diverse community. Its preservation ensures that future generations can experience this unique cultural touchstone.
  • Local History and Identity: Coney Island’s history is rich with stories of immigration, entrepreneurship, and the evolution of American leisure. From its beginnings as a seaside resort to its heyday as the “Nickel Empire” and its subsequent revitalization, Coney Island has always adapted while retaining its distinctive spirit. The casino threatened to erase much of this local history and replace it with a generic entertainment complex. The community’s victory ensures that Coney Island’s authentic identity can continue to thrive.
  • A Symbol of Resilience: Coney Island has faced numerous challenges throughout its history, from fires to economic downturns. Each time, it has shown remarkable resilience. This latest triumph against the casino project adds another chapter to its story as a place that, despite external pressures, remains true to its roots.
  • Rethinking Development: This outcome encourages a critical look at urban development, emphasizing the importance of projects that are in harmony with existing communities and cultural landscapes, rather than those that seek to override them for profit.

What’s Next for Coney Island?

With the casino project off the table, the community is now looking forward to discussions about what Coney Island truly wants for its neighborhood. Councilmember Justin Brannan has already reached out to community leaders to address issues such as cleaning up neglected, rat-infested lots owned by Joe Sitt’s Thor Equities.

This is a moment to celebrate the power of community and to continue advocating for a Coney Island that reflects its rich history and vibrant future. Stay informed by following @noconeycasino and @coney.island.usa on Instagram for updates.

The fight for Coney Island also highlights broader struggles. We encourage you to support friends at Voices of the Waterfront, who are seeking transparency in the Brooklyn Marine Terminal project. Learn more about their efforts and sign their petition here.

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The DC RENTAL Act: A Cautionary Tale for American Renters

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The landscape of rental protection in the U.S. is a patchwork of state and local ordinances, with federal laws like the Fair Housing Act providing a baseline against discrimination. Key protections often include a landlord’s duty to provide habitable housing, limits on security deposits, and safeguards against unlawful eviction. However, recent developments in Washington D.C. highlight a shifting tide that could have significant implications for renters nationwide.

Need to Know: The DC RENTAL Act

On September 17, the D.C. Council voted 10-3 to approve an amended version of the Rebalancing Expectations for Neighbors, Tenants, and Landlords (RENTAL) Act. This legislation uproots long-standing tenant protections, exempting some buildings from existing safeguards and speeding up eviction timelines. The stated goal is to combat a growing eviction backlog and unpaid rent, which some councilmembers argue are stalling affordable housing investment.

A central point of contention in the debate was the reduced power of the Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act (TOPA). TOPA previously gave tenants a crucial role in negotiations when their building is up for sale, contributing to improved affordable housing in the District, according to a 2023 report from The Coalition. While some amendments were introduced to strengthen tenant rights, such as protecting domestic violence victims from tighter eviction timelines, an amendment by Councilmember Anita Bonds added an exemption from TOPA for buildings with two to four units. This change, according to Councilmember Brianne Nadeau, could impact “several thousand households” without adequate public input.

Supporters of the RENTAL Act, like Councilmember Robert White, argue that the dire state of affordable housing production in D.C. necessitates loosening regulations to attract investment. They point to an economic vacancy rate of 15% in 2024 (up from a healthy 5%), which they say is driving away affordable housing investors. However, advocates for tenants contend that the bill makes evictions easier and strips tenants of their rights to negotiate building sales, leading to potential harm.

Take-Aways: What This Means for Renters

The DC RENTAL Act represents a significant shift in tenant-landlord dynamics, prioritizing landlord investment over established tenant protections. This move could lead to:

  • Increased Evictions: Faster eviction timelines and reduced protections may make it easier for landlords to remove tenants.
  • Weakened Tenant Bargaining Power: The diminished role of TOPA means tenants have less say when their buildings are sold.
  • Potential for Displacement: Vulnerable populations, including victims of domestic violence, could face greater risks of displacement despite some protective amendments.

Implications for American Culture: A Shifting Balance

The situation in D.C. is a microcosm of broader debates across the U.S. regarding housing affordability, tenant rights, and economic development. While the DC RENTAL Act aims to stimulate affordable housing investment, its approach raises critical questions about the balance between property owner interests and the fundamental right to stable housing.

Many states are moving in the opposite direction, introducing and passing legislation to strengthen tenant protections. In 2024 alone, states have advanced bills related to:

  • Eviction Record Sealing and Expungement: Laws in states like Idaho, Maryland, Minnesota, and Virginia help minimize the long-term negative consequences of an eviction filing.
  • “Just Cause” Eviction Standards: Colorado’s “House Bill 1098” prohibits evictions without verifiable cause, defining specific reasons for which a tenant can be evicted.
  • Strengthened Code Enforcement and Habitability Standards: Colorado and Georgia have passed laws mandating that residential units meet minimum habitability standards.
  • Expanded Notice Period Requirements: Virginia’s “House Bill 86” requires landlords to give tenants advance notice of what they owe in eviction cases.
  • Right to Counsel Laws: Nebraska passed a law guaranteeing legal representation for tenants in public housing, joining over 20 other jurisdictions with similar initiatives.
  • Limiting “Junk Fees”: Rhode Island and Minnesota have introduced legislation to cap rental fees and increase transparency in the rental market.

However, some states are also introducing legislation that preempts local tenant protections, shifting power from localities to the state level. Kentucky and Idaho, for example, passed source-of-income preemption bills, allowing landlords to discriminate against tenants based on their lawful income source. Missouri passed a preemption bill prohibiting localities from enacting eviction moratoriums.

The contrast between D.C.’s approach and the broader trend of strengthening tenant protections in other states highlights a fundamental tension in American society. Are we prioritizing investment at the expense of housing stability for our most vulnerable citizens? Or can we find solutions that foster both economic growth and equitable housing?

Call to Action

The fight for tenant protections is ongoing, and the outcomes of 3.6 million eviction cases filed in America each year depend heavily on local policies. Organizations like the Eviction Lab provide nationwide data to help policymakers, community organizers, and citizens understand the eviction crisis. Cities like Philadelphia, Charleston County, and Delaware are implementing innovative programs, such as mandatory eviction diversion, housing courts with legal aid, and the use of non-lawyer advocates, to reduce evictions and support tenants. Even school districts, like Rochester, Minnesota, are getting involved to prevent student displacement due to eviction.

It is crucial for citizens to understand their local rental laws and advocate for policies that protect renters’ rights. The decisions made at the local and state levels directly impact the lives of millions of Americans and shape the future of our communities.

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Is Your Passport a Privilege, Not a Right? A New Bill Says So.

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In a move that should chill every American who values free speech, a new bill (H.R.3924 | S.3011 – Passport Sanity Act) quietly making its way through Congress threatens to redefine what it means to be a U.S. citizen. If passed, this legislation could empower Secretary of State Marco Rubio to strip Americans of their passports for the ‘crime’ of criticizing U.S. foreign policy, particularly concerning Israel. This isn’t just about travel; it’s about whether political dissent becomes a fast track to statelessness.

The Need to Know:

  • The Bill’s Premise: Introduced by Florida Congressman Brian Mast, Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, this bill aims to give Secretary of State Marco Rubio the authority to revoke U.S. passports.
  • The Vague Language: The bill cites “material support for terrorism” as justification. However, critics, including civil liberties groups like the ACLU and Freedom of the Press Foundation, warn this language is dangerously broad and could be applied to speech, protests, or even journalism.
  • A Troubling Precedent: This isn’t theoretical. Secretary Rubio has already revoked visas and green cards of foreign nationals for criticizing Israel, including a Turkish doctoral student whose opinion piece merely called for boycotting and divesting from Israel, without even mentioning Hamas.
  • Rubio’s Double Standard: Ironically, Secretary Rubio himself, just a few months prior, announced a new visa restriction policy aimed at foreign nationals who censor Americans. In that press statement, he explicitly declared, “Free speech is among the most cherished rights we enjoy as Americans.” This bill directly contradicts that very sentiment, seemingly creating a free speech exception for U.S. citizens when their speech is inconvenient to U.S. foreign policy.
  • “Thought Police” in the Making? This legislation builds on a trend. We’ve seen attempts to equate criticism of Israel with antisemitism, and calls for investigations into journalists for simply reporting on events. This bill takes it a chilling step further by weaponizing the passport itself.

The Takeaways:

  • Free Speech Under Fire: This bill directly attacks the First Amendment. It suggests that certain forms of speech, particularly criticism of a foreign nation, could lead to severe penalties, effectively creating a loyalty test for American citizenship.
  • Executive Overreach: The bill grants immense, unchecked power to the Secretary of State, allowing them to unilaterally determine what constitutes “material support” without a clear legal standard or robust judicial oversight. The proposed “appeal” process? It’s directly back to the very official who made the initial, questionable decision.
  • A Slippery Slope: If criticism of Israel can lead to passport revocation, what’s next? As Seth Stern of the Freedom of the Press Foundation aptly warns, today it’s “anti-Israel” sentiment, tomorrow it could be “anti-abortion activists, supporters of West Bank settlements, or anti-vaxxers.” The weaponization of “material support” is a versatile tool for silencing any inconvenient voice.
  • The Un-American Nature of the Move: This isn’t how a democracy functions. A nation founded on principles of free expression and the right to dissent is contemplating a system that echoes authoritarian regimes, where loyalty is demanded, and thought is policed. The stark contrast between Rubio’s public statements on free speech for Americans abroad and his support for this bill at home exposes a concerning hypocrisy, made all the more apparent by his own words from the State Department press release.

Implications for American Culture:

This proposed bill strikes at the heart of what it means to be an American. Our culture has long celebrated vigorous debate, even sharp criticism, as essential to a healthy democracy. This legislation, however, fosters an environment of fear and self-censorship.

If adopted, we risk becoming a nation where:

  • Dissent is Criminalized: Engaging in public discourse on sensitive geopolitical issues, especially those involving U.S. allies, could carry the ultimate penalty of being effectively exiled from your own country.
  • Journalism is Jeopardized: Investigative reporting and independent analysis, particularly on foreign policy, could become a dangerous endeavor, undermining the Fourth Estate’s vital role in a free society.
  • The ‘Land of the Free’ Becomes Conditional: The freedom to travel, to speak, to protest – these are not privileges to be granted or revoked at the whim of an official. They are fundamental rights. This bill attempts to turn them into conditional permissions.

This is a cautionary tale unfolding in real-time. It’s a reminder that the principles we hold dear are not self-sustaining; they require constant vigilance and a willingness to stand up against encroachments on our fundamental freedoms. The question is, will we allow our passports to become instruments of thought control?

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